Basic Functions of Os - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1199 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/13 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Thus the basic functions of an OS are – 1. Process Management – Managing the programs that are running. 2. Memory Management – Managing and rationing the memory between processes and data. 3. Storage Management – Managing the permanent Storage of data on disks or other media 4. I/O Management – Managing the input and output 5. Device / Resource Management – Managing devices and resources and allowing the users to share the resources 6. Security and Protection – Securing the system against possible unauthorized access to data or any other entity. Protecting the parts of the system against damage. 7. Booting the System and getting it ready to work. 8. Data communications – Providing interface to connect to other computers or allowing others to connect Definition: An operating system is a collection of software that coordinates the working of the different components of the system and gets the user’s job done. The operating system provides the user with all the basic things necessary to do his job. What does an os do An Operating System exploits the hardware resources of one or more processors to provide a set of services to system users. * An Operating System also manages secondary memory and input/output devices on behalf of its users. Process Control Block: A data structure by which the system identifies a process. It contains * Identifier: A unique integer associated with a process * State : A currently executing process is in running state * Priority : Priority level relative to other processes * Program cou nter : Address of the next instruction of the program to be executed. Memory pointers: pointers to the program code and data associated with the process, and any shared memory blocks * Context data: Data in the registers in the processor during process execution. * I/O status information: outstanding I/O requests, I/O devices allocated to the process, a list of files is use by the process, etc. * Accounting information: amount of processor time, etc. Directry structure of unix: The FreeBSD directory hierarchy is fundamental to obtaining an overall understanding of the system. The most important concept to grasp is that of the root directory, â€Å"/†. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Basic Functions of Os" essay for you Create order This directory is the first one mounted at boot time and it contains the base system necessary to prepare the operating system for multi-user operation. The root directory also contains mount points for other file systems that are mounted during the transition to multi-user operation. A mount point is a directory where additional file systems can be grafted onto a parent file system (usually the root file system). This is further described in  Section 3. 5. Standard mount points include  /usr,  /var,  /tmp,  /mnt, and  /cdrom. These directories are usually referenced to entries in the file  /etc/fstab. etc/fstab  is a table of various file systems and mount points for reference by the system. Most of the file systems in  /etc/fstab  are mounted automatically at boot time from the script  rc(8)unless they contain the  noauto  option. Details can be found in  Section 3. 6. 1. A complete description of the file system hierarchy is available in  hier(7). For now, a brief overview of the most common directories will suffice. Directory| Description| /| Root directory of the file system. | /bin/| User utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments. /boot/| Programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap. | /boot/defaults/| Default bootstrapping configuration files; see  loader. conf(5). | /dev/| Device nodes; see  intro(4). | /etc/| System configuration files and scripts. | /etc/defaults/| Default system configuration files; see  rc(8). | /etc/mail/| Configuration files for mail transport agents such as  sendmail(8). | /etc/namedb/| named  configuration files; see  named(8). | /etc/periodic/| Scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via  cron(8); see  periodic(8). | /etc/ppp/| ppp  configuration files; ee  ppp(8). | /mnt/| Empty directory commonly used by system administrators as a temporary mount point. | /proc/| Process file system; see  procfs(5),  mount_pro cfs(8). | /rescue/| Statically linked programs for emergency recovery; see  rescue(8). | /root/| Home directory for the  root  account. | /sbin/| System programs and administration utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments. | /tmp/| Temporary files. The contents of  /tmp  are usually NOT preserved across a system reboot. A memory-based file system is often mounted at/tmp. This can be automated using the tmpmfs-related variables of  rc. conf(5)  (or with an entry in  /etc/fstab; see  mdmfs(8)). | /usr/| The majority of user utilities and applications. | /usr/bin/| Common utilities, programming tools, and applications. | /usr/include/| Standard C include files. | /usr/lib/| Archive libraries. | /usr/libdata/| Miscellaneous utility data files. | /usr/libexec/| System daemons system utilities (executed by other programs). | /usr/local/| Local executables, libraries, etc. Also used as the default destination for the FreeBSD ports framework. Within  /usr/local, the general layout sketched out by  hier(7)  for  /usr  should be used. Exceptions are the man directory, which is directly under  /usr/local  rather than under  /usr/local/share, and the ports documentation is in  share/doc/port. | /usr/obj/| Architecture-specific target tree produced by building the  /usr/src  tree. | /usr/ports/| The FreeBSD Ports Collection (optional). | /usr/sbin/| System daemons system utilities (executed by users). | /usr/share/| Architecture-independent files. | /usr/src/| BSD and/or local source files. | usr/X11R6/| X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional). | /var/| Multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files. A memory-based file system is sometimes mounted at  /var. This can be automated using the varmfs-related variables of  rc. conf(5)  (or with an entry in  /etc/fstab; see  mdmfs(8)). | /var/log/| Miscellaneous system log files. | /var/mail/| User mailbox files. | /var/spo ol/| Miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories. | /var/tmp/| Temporary files. The files are usually preserved across a system reboot, unless  /var  is a memory-based file system. /var/yp/| NIS maps. | Functions of an OS: The operating system on your computer has many functions. While you may not be aware of what many of them are or actually do, the operating system helps you navigate your computer more easily and allows you to manage programs and functions with the computer system itself. One function of your operating system is process management. Every program running on a computer – whether it is in the background or the foreground – is a process. Generally, only one process per CPU can run at one time. However, multiple processes can run through multi-tasking which entails switching processes very quickly. The operating system makes this type of multi-tasking possible. A second function of the operating system is memory management. Computer memory is arranged in a hierarchical manner with the fastest registers first followed by the CPU cache, random access memory, and then disk storage. The operating systems memory manager coordinates the use of these various types of memory by tracking which one is available, which is to be allocated or de-allocated and how to move data between them. This activity, usually referred to as virtual memory management, increases the amount of memory available for each process by making the disk storage seem like main memory. Security is an issue that is very important to all computer users. The security function of your operating system is also very important to the programmers. The system will often use an allow/disallow protocol when other systems are trying to access resources on your computer. Still others will require the use of a user name and password to keep your system secure.

Roles of the Synagogue Essay - 1349 Words

Roles of the Synagogue The synagogue is a place for the Jewish people to worship God, or more particularly, where Jewish people can hear the Torah being read and pray to God. As well as functioning as a House of Prayer, or Beit ha Tefilah, the synagogue is also known as House of Assembly, Beit ha Knesset and House of Study, Beit ha Midrash. On three things the world stands, says the Mishnah, On the study of the Torah, on worship and on deeds of kindness. This quote reflects the functions of the synagogue distinctly. The study of the Torah is the reason the name House of Study is given to the synagogue. The Torah is guidance to how Jews live; it is the fundamental basis of†¦show more content†¦These activities help young Jews meet each other at an early age. Many activities organised are religious as well as social, such as Childrens services, Sunday morning Minyanaires, Bar Mitzvahs, Cheder and Childrens parties. These activities teach the younger generation about Judaism as well as emphasising the importance of socialising with others. There are also groups for women in the Northwood Orthodox Synagogue such as The Ladies Guild, which is a social group that organises outings and holds many responsibilities within the synagogue. In the Northwood and Pinner Liberal Synagogue, there are many social events organised. The cultural activities include photography and embroidery. There are also sporting events organised as well as bereavement visitors, to help those in need of a sympathetic ear. There are not many social activities organised to teach Judaism, like the Orthodox synagogue, but many activities are organised to bring the community together. Being part of the Jewish community in a synagogue and taking part in the events organised reinforces a Jews sense of identity. The synagogue is also known as House of Study. Beit ha Midrash. In Judaism it is very important to learn about faith. 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Racism in Film Essay - 2717 Words

Racism in Film Throughout the history of film in the United States, the depiction of race has only changed slightly. Although, the display of various races in film is pertinent to the specific time period in which the film was made, films have, for the most part, always portrayed white superiority over other races. People of color have traditionally been presented in a negative way (if presented at all) that helps to maintain the status quo where whites are at the top of the social hierarchy. A few common methods are used to elicit the issues and depiction of race, in the films, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, Glory, and Bamboozled. According to Stephanie Larson, the three common methods that are used in film to depict racial†¦show more content†¦In fact, all but one of the doctors and nurses in the entire mental institution are white, the exception being an Indian doctor (from India). While all of the esteemed employees are white, the workers who have less significa nt jobs are all black. This presents an imbalance between two races and depicts the whites as having a white privilege. The inequality between the two races is a system-supportive theme that depicts blacks in a negative way, and promotes the status quo and white superiority over blacks. Blacks are selectively excluded and stereotyped in a negative way throughout the entirety of the film, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. The black workers have very few lines in the movie and their main function is to subdue patients when they get out of control. Since they have a very limited role in the film, it is not possible to recognize any characteristics of these characters. There are acts of violence in most scenes that the blacks are included in. Therefore, the audience is inclined to make generalizations about blacks as a whole. Also, the black workers take orders from Nurse Ratched and the other white staff members and carry out whatever they are told to do. This represents the supe riority of whites. This film is racist towards blacks because they have no major role in the film, are seen as violent, and act solely as the pawns for Nurse Ratched and the rest of the white crew. Native Americans are depicted in the filmShow MoreRelated Racism In Animated Films Essay913 Words   |  4 PagesRacism in Animated Films While Disney animated films are the ideal family movies, it is undisclosed to many that such racism is being portrayed. Rarely do we ask about the origins and intentions of the messages we encounter through mass media; sometimes we forget that [producers] have origins or intentions at all (Lipsitz 5). The social inequality found in such popular culture can be due to several reasons. 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Inrony In Pride Prejudice Essay Example For Students

Inrony In Pride Prejudice Essay Pride and Prejudice is one of the most popular novels written by Jane Austen. This romantic novel, the story of which revolves around relationships and the difficulties of being in love, was not much of a success in Austens own time. However, it has grown in its importance to literary critics and readerships over the last hundred years. There are many facets to the story that make reading it not only amusing but also highly interesting. The reader can learn much about the upper-class society of this age, and also gets an insight to the authors opinion about this society. Austen presents the high-society of her time from an observational point of view, ironically describing human behavior. She describes what she sees and adds her own comments to it in a very light and easy way. She never seems to be condescending or snubbing in her criticism but applies it in a playful manner. This playfulness, and her witty, ironic comments on society are probably the main reasons that make this nove l still so enjoyable for readers today. Some rules and characteristics depicted in the story seem very peculiar and are hard to conceive by people of our generation. Nevertheless, the descriptions of the goings-on in that society are so lively and sparkling with irony that most people cannot help but like the novel. Jane Austen applies irony on different levels in her novel Pride and Prejudice. She uses various means of making her opinion on 18th century society known to the reader through her vivid and ironic descriptions used in the book. To bring this paper into focus, I will discuss two separate means of applying irony, as pertaining to a select few of the books characters. The novel is introduced by an omniscient narrator, unknown to the reader, who describes and comments on the given situations throughout the novel. The narrator serves to represent and speak for Jane Austen, enabling her to aim her criticism not only through the characters, but also in a more direct fashion. She uses this unspecified person, who is outside of all the novels action and gives explanations, as a medium of communication to present her own opinion in an allusively open way. This narrator is the first means of making ironic remarks. Through the narrator a certain mood is created that prevails throughout the novel. The very first sentence of the novel shows this with the following sentence, It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife (Pride and Prejudice, p. 3). The irony of this statement is the universal validity with which assumptions are made in that upper-class society. It is assumed that there is n othing else for a man of high rank to want but a wife to complete his possessions. Along with his money, land, riches etc. she acts as nothing more but another piece of property, which was a common attitude in those days. Austen manages to make the attitude towards matrimony upheld by this upper class look rather ridiculous and incredible. Another ironic description is given, for instance, when Miss Bingley and Mrs. Hurst take care of the sick Jane, who stays at their house. They present themselves as very affectionate and caring friends to Jane. However, that does not stop them from talking very bad about Janes relations. The real ironic comment is that the narrator lets us readers know that after those two ladies have finished bad mouthing Janes sister Elizabeth and the rest of her family, they return to Jane (w)ith a renewal of tenderness (p. 27). These high-society women are well versed at putting others down and whimsically, and as they think wittily, insulting the characters o f those who are of a lower class and Austen comments on it ironically by describing their behavior with irony. Through the narrator, Austen shows us how fickle this society is; being based on class and rank. The narrator exposes the vanities and its stupidity rather drastically. The comment on Aunt Phillips who would hardly have resented a comparison with the housekeepers room (p. 56) of Rosings with her own living-room is so ironically bitter that it even borders on being mean. These are only a few examples to show how the general ironic mood of the novel is created. The second means of creating irony in the novel is through the particular use of the characters involved. Elizabeth Bennet is the main character of the novel and she happens to be an acute observer, who likes to ponder about what she sees and who dares to make judgements. She usually speaks her mind but covers up the meaning of her statements with irony, in order not to offend the rules of conduct in her society. Elizabeth likes to play with peoples expectations, which she openly admits to Mr. Darcy in a scene where he wants to invite her to dance. She declines his offer to dance with him with the following sentence: You wanted me, I know, to say Yes, that you might have the pleasure of despising my taste; but I always delight in overthrowing those kind of schemes, and cheating a person of their premeditated contempt. She admits that she likes to upset peoples plots, in order to disappoint them and in turn derive pleasure from their disappointment. This mocking is a form of irony up setting the expected with a counteractive action. This example also shows very well how different simple sentences sound to the different characters. Darcy merely asked Elizabeth if she felt like dancing a reel and thought it to be a very nice and gentle offer. However, Elizabeth expects him to be hateful and condescending, therefore she always hears an implication of condescension etc. in conversations with Darcy. Many dialogues between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy seem to be full of implications: they both have formed an opinion of the other and only view the others statements only through their premeditated opinion. Those implications can give the reading of their conversations a very ironic and amusing touch, depending on what point of view the reader takes. There are so many different ways in which every single sentence can be interpreted that it is hard to tell whether some sentences are really meant to be ironic or whether they are simply normal sentences. If one takes Elizabeths point of view, some of Darcys statements can certainly be interpreted as very ironic, meaning in this case ironic with the intention to humiliate. If these same statements are viewed, however, from Darcys perspective, they can also be very harmless or even nice. One example for this is the argument between Elizabeth and Darcy about Darcys character. Elizabeth slights Darcy by saying that he is very earnest and not one to be laughed at, which is something pitiful to her because she loves to laugh. His answer is The wisest and the best of men nay, the wisest and the best of their actions may be rendered ridiculous by a person whose first object in life is a joke. (p. 42). This statement could be seen as derogatory of Elizabeth, but if viewed from Darcys point of view it can as well be his honest opinion that one should not make fun of and take lightly everything that goes on in life. It does not necessarily have to be a personal attack, which Elizabeth perceives it to be. Because Eli zabeths attitude towards Darcy is so much prejudiced in the first part of the book, one is inclined to see allusions and implications in everything they both say. This general mood of suspicion makes the reader of course much more alert and ready to discover ironies in the conversations, sometimes even when they might not be intended. The Presidential Election Of 1972 Essay ThesisMr. Bennet is certainly ironic about people and their behavior, but his irony has an almost bitter undertone. One of his statements shows this when he says about his neighbors, who are friends of his family, ?some of the good-natured, gossiping Lucases. (p. 261). It becomes apparent, that he does not approve of the spreading gossip about his family. He shows this by opposing the character description of the Lucases as good-natured and gossiping, which is of course a negatively loaded word. He is quite scornful about their behavior, and expresses his feelings covertly instead of speaking his mind frankly. It is when Lydia elopes with Wickham, that he loses his calm ironic mood. He admits to Elizabeth that she was right when she warned him not to be too liberal with his daughters, and that he had been too careless in their upbringing. He says: Who should suffer but myself? It has been my own doing, and I ought to feel it. (p. 215). For a moment he loses his ironic mask and admits his own faults. But he knows himself well enough to also add, No, Lizzy, let me once in my life feel how much I have been to blame. It will pass away soon enough. (p. 215). At that point it becomes obvious that he usually guards himself with sarcasm simply to tolerate the behavior and the foolishness around him. Only by being cynical, can he survive in this household of silly and nerve-wrecking women like his wife and his two youngest daughters. His fault, however, is that he never realized that by allowing himself to simply be amused by peoples behavior, he has indirectly encouraged and reinforced their behavior. Nevertheless, Mr. Bennet recovers soon from his moments of revelation and remorse and goes on with his usual way of life. He even finds his humor again, so much as to write a letter to Mr. Collins, when it is resolved that Elizabeth will marry Mr. Darcy. He writes: I must trouble you once more for congratulations. (p. 277). This is clearly ironic, because congratulations for the marriage of Wickham and Lydia must have been perceived as sheer mockery, or as congratulations for having reduced the embarrassment as much as possible by legitimating their relationship. His comparison of this marriage with Elizabeths pleasant marriage is his cynical way of looking at the world. These are only a few examples of how Austen uses irony in Pride and Prejudice. There is much more to say about this topic: this serves only as a brief discussion. My references are made to this edition:Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Modern Library Edition, Random House Inc., 1995. English Essays