Roles of the Synagogue Essay - 1349 Words

Roles of the Synagogue The synagogue is a place for the Jewish people to worship God, or more particularly, where Jewish people can hear the Torah being read and pray to God. As well as functioning as a House of Prayer, or Beit ha Tefilah, the synagogue is also known as House of Assembly, Beit ha Knesset and House of Study, Beit ha Midrash. On three things the world stands, says the Mishnah, On the study of the Torah, on worship and on deeds of kindness. This quote reflects the functions of the synagogue distinctly. The study of the Torah is the reason the name House of Study is given to the synagogue. The Torah is guidance to how Jews live; it is the fundamental basis of†¦show more content†¦These activities help young Jews meet each other at an early age. Many activities organised are religious as well as social, such as Childrens services, Sunday morning Minyanaires, Bar Mitzvahs, Cheder and Childrens parties. These activities teach the younger generation about Judaism as well as emphasising the importance of socialising with others. There are also groups for women in the Northwood Orthodox Synagogue such as The Ladies Guild, which is a social group that organises outings and holds many responsibilities within the synagogue. In the Northwood and Pinner Liberal Synagogue, there are many social events organised. The cultural activities include photography and embroidery. There are also sporting events organised as well as bereavement visitors, to help those in need of a sympathetic ear. There are not many social activities organised to teach Judaism, like the Orthodox synagogue, but many activities are organised to bring the community together. Being part of the Jewish community in a synagogue and taking part in the events organised reinforces a Jews sense of identity. The synagogue is also known as House of Study. Beit ha Midrash. In Judaism it is very important to learn about faith. This is also so that the religion can continue. Studying the Torah is a mitzvah. InShow MoreRelatedThe Ancient Synagogue : The First Thousand Years957 Words   |  4 Pagesstable sanctuary for prayer, community activities, and intellectual stimulation. This sanctuary is often named the Synagogue but takes on many other names such as the shul and the temple. Through the Synagogue the Jewish people have been able to continue to develop their culture, community affairs, and provide a safe intellectual home for all friends and followers of Judaism. Synagogues became predominant after the demise of the great Temple in Jerusalem around 70 AD They became prominent in manyRead MoreThe Destruction Of The Temple Essay1388 Words   |  6 PagesTestament. Torah reading was performed by the leaders and was viewed as a way to act in the image of God. As for those times they failed to act according to the Law, the Torah provided the means for atoning through animal sacrifice. As for the use of a synagogue, they were created after the destruction of the first Temple to counter the Missing Temple at that time (Fine; Marx) To understand the distinct points on the major Jewish practices, you must see that Judaism was outlined with constant change in worshippingRead MoreThe Biblical Story Of The Exodus Out Of Jews1261 Words   |  6 Pageslocated in New York City and he began the rigorous six year- long program during the fall of 1999. Henceforth when Rabbi C initially began rabbinical school he was not interested in becoming a rabbi of a synagogue or engaging in a pulpit position. Rabbi C was adamant about either engaging in a chaplain role at a medical facility, teaching in various academic settings or at a summer camp. Once he had completed the mandated requirements for the six-year program he would partake in a rabbinical ordinationRead MoreA Study on Shabbat Essay937 Words   |  4 Pagesdipped in salt. B) Give an account of the Havdalah ceremony. Havdalah literally means a separation or division. Havdalah is the ceremony that separates Shabbat from the rest of the week. The ceremony can be performed in the synagogue or at home. During the ceremony, a prayer is said which explains the distinctions God makes e.g. light and dark, Shabbat and the rest of the week. On the table there is a glass of red wine which is blessed, and then some of which Read MoreThe Anshe Chesed Fairmount Temple1328 Words   |  6 Pagesactions and become a bar mitzvah or bat mitzvah, respectively. The words bar mitzvah and bat mitzvah translate to â€Å"son of commandment† and â€Å"daughter of commandment† in English. The boy’s grandfather also suggested for me to sit in the back left of the synagogue as family and friends would sit elsewhere. The service started out with two chants led by the cantor, with the rabbi standing alongside the cantor. Both were standing behind the bimah, which is an altar-like podium in which the Torah and ProphetsRead MoreThe Destruction Of The Second Temple1558 Words   |  7 PagesMiddle East and was established with the biblical patriarch Abraham (Department of Local Government and Communities 2015). Abraham is seen to be the founder of Judaism and the ancestor of the Jews. Apart from Judaism, Abraham also has a significant role in other Abrahamic religions such as Christianity and Islam. X iefan (2000) describes Judaism as an ethical monotheism that is believed by Jewish people. The Torah - the first five books of the Hebrew Bible - is their foundational text and it incorporatesRead MoreDifferent Branches Of Judaism And Conservative Judaism843 Words   |  4 Pagesdenominations over the years has been the differing roles of males and females. The two branches are the most vastly different and have undergone the most changes in the area of gender roles are Orthodox Judaism and Conservative Judaism. The changes in gender roles in these two branches will be discussed in this paper. In early Orthodox Judaism in the United States (1700-1850), the main issue concerning women was how they were going to fit them into the synagogue for services and rituals. Up to this pointRead MoreEssay on Jewish Women in Medieval Ashkenaz1547 Words   |  7 Pages They could not be members of community courts, they were not members in synagogue communities, nor were they charity collectors. In the thirteenth century, the attendance of women in the synagogue drastically dwindled. It was common at the time for women to avoid synagogue when menstruating. Soon, it became expected of all women to avoid the synagogue during menstruation, leaving those women to pray outside. The synagogue was the place for important and personal events in the community, which resultedRead MoreExegesis – Luke 4:14-301559 Words   |  7 Pageswilderness where the power of the Holy Spirit assisted him in fighting the temptations of the devil. In this story, Jesus goes to the synagogue on the Sabba th and is now said to be reading from the Torah as was customary. This means that Jesus regularly does this which shows that he is a devout Jew. It was important for him to rest on the Sabbath and go to the synagogue for scripture and teaching on this day. Luke has followed this account with miracle and healing stories depicting Jesus as a compassionateRead MoreThe Torah Is The Most Important Text Of The Jewish Faith1496 Words   |  6 PagesBefore we can compare the role of the Torah in Orthodox and Conservative Judaism, we need to know what the Torah is and what is contains. The Torah is the most important text of the Jewish faith. It contains the first five books of Moses in the Hebrew bible, or the Tanach. The first book, Genesis, talks about how the world was created by god then subsequently destroyed by him because of the wickedness within it. Exodus talks about how Moses, who was raised by the Egyptian Pharaoh, left Egypt, only

Racism in Film Essay - 2717 Words

Racism in Film Throughout the history of film in the United States, the depiction of race has only changed slightly. Although, the display of various races in film is pertinent to the specific time period in which the film was made, films have, for the most part, always portrayed white superiority over other races. People of color have traditionally been presented in a negative way (if presented at all) that helps to maintain the status quo where whites are at the top of the social hierarchy. A few common methods are used to elicit the issues and depiction of race, in the films, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, Glory, and Bamboozled. According to Stephanie Larson, the three common methods that are used in film to depict racial†¦show more content†¦In fact, all but one of the doctors and nurses in the entire mental institution are white, the exception being an Indian doctor (from India). While all of the esteemed employees are white, the workers who have less significa nt jobs are all black. This presents an imbalance between two races and depicts the whites as having a white privilege. The inequality between the two races is a system-supportive theme that depicts blacks in a negative way, and promotes the status quo and white superiority over blacks. Blacks are selectively excluded and stereotyped in a negative way throughout the entirety of the film, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. The black workers have very few lines in the movie and their main function is to subdue patients when they get out of control. Since they have a very limited role in the film, it is not possible to recognize any characteristics of these characters. There are acts of violence in most scenes that the blacks are included in. Therefore, the audience is inclined to make generalizations about blacks as a whole. Also, the black workers take orders from Nurse Ratched and the other white staff members and carry out whatever they are told to do. This represents the supe riority of whites. This film is racist towards blacks because they have no major role in the film, are seen as violent, and act solely as the pawns for Nurse Ratched and the rest of the white crew. Native Americans are depicted in the filmShow MoreRelated Racism In Animated Films Essay913 Words   |  4 PagesRacism in Animated Films While Disney animated films are the ideal family movies, it is undisclosed to many that such racism is being portrayed. Rarely do we ask about the origins and intentions of the messages we encounter through mass media; sometimes we forget that [producers] have origins or intentions at all (Lipsitz 5). The social inequality found in such popular culture can be due to several reasons. According to David Croteau and William Hoynes in Racial Crossroads, media contentRead MoreEssay on Racism in Disney Films2220 Words   |  9 Pageslions roar to their royal place in the animal kingdom. Disney films have captivated the American culture for years and have become a pivotal part of popular culture as well as a form of education. However, these films have devoured the youth of America and, in the process; have perpetuated an institutionally racist society based on harsh stereotypes. Minorities are often underrepresented, and even completely left out, of many Disney films such as Dumbo (194 1), The Lion King (1994), Aladdin (1992),Read MoreEssay on Racism in the Film Remember the Titans839 Words   |  4 Pagesare many lessons that every person should learn in their life. One of the most important lessons is that of racism. In this day and age some people believe that racism is over because there are no longer any slaves, some people believe that there is still racism but that it is ok. I believe that those people would benefit a great deal from seeing this movie. I know that there is still racism, I also know that it is not ok. There is a scene in this movie where the coach takes the team on a longRead MoreRacism Present In Disney/Pixar Films. For Many Parents,1587 Words   |  7 PagesRacism Present in Disney/Pixar Films For many parents, these Disney/Pixar movies are something nice they can show to their children, they grew up on many of them and they wish to share this joy with their kids as well. If one was to walk up and tell them â€Å"These movies are fairly racist, you should show them to your children lest they get the wrong idea!† in most cases, they will find them to be just a closet nutcase and ignore that like it never happened. Society and these movies have conditionedRead MoreRacism Enacted Throughout the History of Black Films Essay1254 Words   |  6 Pages The history of African Americans in early Hollywood films originated with blacks representing preconceived stereotypes. D.W. Griffith’s 1915 film, Birth of a Nation, stirred many controversial issues within the black community. The fact that Griffith used white actors in blackface to portray black people showed how little he knew about African Americans. Bosley Crowther’s article â€Å"The Birth of Birth of a Nation† emphasizes that the film was a â€Å"highly pro-South drama of the American Civil War andRead MoreThe Film (Bowling for Columbine) Explores the Connection Between Racism and Fear. Discuss.679 Words   |  3 PagesThe film (Bowling for Columbine) explores the connection between racism and fear. In the film, there is a distinct connection between racism from white Americans to black Americans and we also see that this connection comes through fear of black Americans through the US media coverage. Our second speaker is Robert, who will be talking about how TV shows like Cops demonize black Americans and show them as criminals. While my third and final speaker Sahm will pick up on how poorly the American mediaRead MoreHollywood Films And The Civil Rights Movement Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pagesthis respect, Hollywood is a leading film studio that shoots films about racism prior to the Civil Rights Movement and after it. Both the manner in which most black characters are portrayed in Hollywood films and ideas conveyed by the latter suggest that Hollywood’s approach to racism is ultimately negative. However, Hollywood films shot in more recent times and Hollywood’s attitude to non-white actors speak about the film studios’ hypocritical approach to racism, as Hollywood’s activities indirectlyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Django Unchained 1275 Words   |  6 Pagesinvestigate the ideology of Racism in film. OxfordDictionaries.com describes racism as â€Å"Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one’s own race is superior.† When we, the audience think of racism in film, we traditionally think of movies for adults and often overlook the sinister aspect of racism in children’s films. I have chosen to contrast a recent R-rated film with a G-rated Disney movie from the 1990s. Disney films, even up until theRead MoreRacism in Pocahon tas1552 Words   |  7 PagesRacism in Pocahontas The film Pocahontas, produced by Walt Disney films, portrays the tension between the Powhatan tribe and English settlers during the establishment of Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in the New World. In examining this film using the article Ten Quick Ways to Analyze Childrens Books for Racism and Sexism, it quickly becomes apparent that although there are forms of racism as described in the article (what will be referred to as ‘traditional media racism)Read MoreRemember The Titans Racism Analysis859 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Extent Did the Titans Success Eliminate Racism in The Community? Discuss. Remember the Titans, directed by Boaz Yakin, is a movie set in the early 1970’s that focuses on the ways in which a particular school, where black and white students are forced to integrate, reduces racism in the community. This reduction in racism is mainly the result of the success of the School’s football team, the Titans. Yakin uses numerous film techniques throughout the film such as lighting, camera shots, camera angles

Inrony In Pride Prejudice Essay Example For Students

Inrony In Pride Prejudice Essay Pride and Prejudice is one of the most popular novels written by Jane Austen. This romantic novel, the story of which revolves around relationships and the difficulties of being in love, was not much of a success in Austens own time. However, it has grown in its importance to literary critics and readerships over the last hundred years. There are many facets to the story that make reading it not only amusing but also highly interesting. The reader can learn much about the upper-class society of this age, and also gets an insight to the authors opinion about this society. Austen presents the high-society of her time from an observational point of view, ironically describing human behavior. She describes what she sees and adds her own comments to it in a very light and easy way. She never seems to be condescending or snubbing in her criticism but applies it in a playful manner. This playfulness, and her witty, ironic comments on society are probably the main reasons that make this nove l still so enjoyable for readers today. Some rules and characteristics depicted in the story seem very peculiar and are hard to conceive by people of our generation. Nevertheless, the descriptions of the goings-on in that society are so lively and sparkling with irony that most people cannot help but like the novel. Jane Austen applies irony on different levels in her novel Pride and Prejudice. She uses various means of making her opinion on 18th century society known to the reader through her vivid and ironic descriptions used in the book. To bring this paper into focus, I will discuss two separate means of applying irony, as pertaining to a select few of the books characters. The novel is introduced by an omniscient narrator, unknown to the reader, who describes and comments on the given situations throughout the novel. The narrator serves to represent and speak for Jane Austen, enabling her to aim her criticism not only through the characters, but also in a more direct fashion. She uses this unspecified person, who is outside of all the novels action and gives explanations, as a medium of communication to present her own opinion in an allusively open way. This narrator is the first means of making ironic remarks. Through the narrator a certain mood is created that prevails throughout the novel. The very first sentence of the novel shows this with the following sentence, It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife (Pride and Prejudice, p. 3). The irony of this statement is the universal validity with which assumptions are made in that upper-class society. It is assumed that there is n othing else for a man of high rank to want but a wife to complete his possessions. Along with his money, land, riches etc. she acts as nothing more but another piece of property, which was a common attitude in those days. Austen manages to make the attitude towards matrimony upheld by this upper class look rather ridiculous and incredible. Another ironic description is given, for instance, when Miss Bingley and Mrs. Hurst take care of the sick Jane, who stays at their house. They present themselves as very affectionate and caring friends to Jane. However, that does not stop them from talking very bad about Janes relations. The real ironic comment is that the narrator lets us readers know that after those two ladies have finished bad mouthing Janes sister Elizabeth and the rest of her family, they return to Jane (w)ith a renewal of tenderness (p. 27). These high-society women are well versed at putting others down and whimsically, and as they think wittily, insulting the characters o f those who are of a lower class and Austen comments on it ironically by describing their behavior with irony. Through the narrator, Austen shows us how fickle this society is; being based on class and rank. The narrator exposes the vanities and its stupidity rather drastically. The comment on Aunt Phillips who would hardly have resented a comparison with the housekeepers room (p. 56) of Rosings with her own living-room is so ironically bitter that it even borders on being mean. These are only a few examples to show how the general ironic mood of the novel is created. The second means of creating irony in the novel is through the particular use of the characters involved. Elizabeth Bennet is the main character of the novel and she happens to be an acute observer, who likes to ponder about what she sees and who dares to make judgements. She usually speaks her mind but covers up the meaning of her statements with irony, in order not to offend the rules of conduct in her society. Elizabeth likes to play with peoples expectations, which she openly admits to Mr. Darcy in a scene where he wants to invite her to dance. She declines his offer to dance with him with the following sentence: You wanted me, I know, to say Yes, that you might have the pleasure of despising my taste; but I always delight in overthrowing those kind of schemes, and cheating a person of their premeditated contempt. She admits that she likes to upset peoples plots, in order to disappoint them and in turn derive pleasure from their disappointment. This mocking is a form of irony up setting the expected with a counteractive action. This example also shows very well how different simple sentences sound to the different characters. Darcy merely asked Elizabeth if she felt like dancing a reel and thought it to be a very nice and gentle offer. However, Elizabeth expects him to be hateful and condescending, therefore she always hears an implication of condescension etc. in conversations with Darcy. Many dialogues between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy seem to be full of implications: they both have formed an opinion of the other and only view the others statements only through their premeditated opinion. Those implications can give the reading of their conversations a very ironic and amusing touch, depending on what point of view the reader takes. There are so many different ways in which every single sentence can be interpreted that it is hard to tell whether some sentences are really meant to be ironic or whether they are simply normal sentences. If one takes Elizabeths point of view, some of Darcys statements can certainly be interpreted as very ironic, meaning in this case ironic with the intention to humiliate. If these same statements are viewed, however, from Darcys perspective, they can also be very harmless or even nice. One example for this is the argument between Elizabeth and Darcy about Darcys character. Elizabeth slights Darcy by saying that he is very earnest and not one to be laughed at, which is something pitiful to her because she loves to laugh. His answer is The wisest and the best of men nay, the wisest and the best of their actions may be rendered ridiculous by a person whose first object in life is a joke. (p. 42). This statement could be seen as derogatory of Elizabeth, but if viewed from Darcys point of view it can as well be his honest opinion that one should not make fun of and take lightly everything that goes on in life. It does not necessarily have to be a personal attack, which Elizabeth perceives it to be. Because Eli zabeths attitude towards Darcy is so much prejudiced in the first part of the book, one is inclined to see allusions and implications in everything they both say. This general mood of suspicion makes the reader of course much more alert and ready to discover ironies in the conversations, sometimes even when they might not be intended. The Presidential Election Of 1972 Essay ThesisMr. Bennet is certainly ironic about people and their behavior, but his irony has an almost bitter undertone. One of his statements shows this when he says about his neighbors, who are friends of his family, ?some of the good-natured, gossiping Lucases. (p. 261). It becomes apparent, that he does not approve of the spreading gossip about his family. He shows this by opposing the character description of the Lucases as good-natured and gossiping, which is of course a negatively loaded word. He is quite scornful about their behavior, and expresses his feelings covertly instead of speaking his mind frankly. It is when Lydia elopes with Wickham, that he loses his calm ironic mood. He admits to Elizabeth that she was right when she warned him not to be too liberal with his daughters, and that he had been too careless in their upbringing. He says: Who should suffer but myself? It has been my own doing, and I ought to feel it. (p. 215). For a moment he loses his ironic mask and admits his own faults. But he knows himself well enough to also add, No, Lizzy, let me once in my life feel how much I have been to blame. It will pass away soon enough. (p. 215). At that point it becomes obvious that he usually guards himself with sarcasm simply to tolerate the behavior and the foolishness around him. Only by being cynical, can he survive in this household of silly and nerve-wrecking women like his wife and his two youngest daughters. His fault, however, is that he never realized that by allowing himself to simply be amused by peoples behavior, he has indirectly encouraged and reinforced their behavior. Nevertheless, Mr. Bennet recovers soon from his moments of revelation and remorse and goes on with his usual way of life. He even finds his humor again, so much as to write a letter to Mr. Collins, when it is resolved that Elizabeth will marry Mr. Darcy. He writes: I must trouble you once more for congratulations. (p. 277). This is clearly ironic, because congratulations for the marriage of Wickham and Lydia must have been perceived as sheer mockery, or as congratulations for having reduced the embarrassment as much as possible by legitimating their relationship. His comparison of this marriage with Elizabeths pleasant marriage is his cynical way of looking at the world. These are only a few examples of how Austen uses irony in Pride and Prejudice. There is much more to say about this topic: this serves only as a brief discussion. My references are made to this edition:Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Modern Library Edition, Random House Inc., 1995. English Essays

Rhododendron Essays - Beekeeping, Diterpenes, Grayanotoxin

Rhododendron Rhododendron The plant rhododendron belongs to the family Ericaceae which also includes the Heath, and there are about eight-hundred fifty species which grow worldwide (Turner and Szczawinski, 171-2). The Heath family is a large one with so many species, all of the poisonous species fall into two of its subfamilies, one of which is the rhododendron. These cultivated plants occur naturally in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere and in the mountains of Southeast Asia. They are located in the Himalayas with seven-hundred species, southwest China, Burma, and in New Guinea with over three-hundred species (Turner and szczawinski, 172). It has been popular as ornaments in gardens and has led to a major horticultural industry with its widely uses in landscaping. There are twenty-seven species native to North America, (Turner,172) and is the state plant of Washington. This specific plant is called R. macrophyllum or the Pacific rhododendron (Pojar and Mackinnon, 61). It forms a shrub layer in forests ranging from shoreline pine groves to stands of Douglas-fir and western Hemlock up in the mountains. Usually they are located everywhere from homes to freeway sides and also in the forests. The rhododendron shows a great variety in size, habit, and flower color, colors from white to pink, dark-purple, yellow, red, and orange (McKenzi,1). They range from small shrubs to small trees with evergreen leaves that are leathery. The leaves are short stalked, simple, and alternate, and the flowers are large, bell-shaped, and born in dense clusters. They are best grown on acidous soil with a ph of 4.5 and 6.5, included with lots of moisture and organic material (McKenzie, 3). The leaves, flowers, pollen, and nectar of many rhododendron species contain several toxins (Kingsbury, 50). These toxins are called grayanotoxins or andromedotoxin, a resinoid carbohydrate (Kingsbury, 51). It is prevalent in the flower nectar, and has caused poisoning of bees and the honey produced. The symptoms are similar to both humans and all animals. The human cases are that in which children chew the leaves and get the poison in their system, or when people drink tea made from the honey and plant (Abrahams, 2). It has been reported that animals clip the leaves for boredom or when they get hungry, as food is short (U.S food and drug admin., 3). The rhododendron is a beautiful plant which lies outside homes for decorations. People should become more aware of its toxicity and should take precautions when handling them. Grayanotoxin The plant rhododendron contains several toxins called grayanotoxins. Other well known but former names are rhodotoxin, andromedotoxin, and acetylandrome (U.S. food and drug admin., 1). They are included in almost all of the species rhododendron. The name of the disease is honey intoxication, which is caused by the consumption of honey produced (Abrahams 1). The grayanotoxins cause this intoxication, and the specific toxins vary with the plant species. Other names associated with this disease is rhododendron poisoning, mad hone intoxication or grayanotoxin poisoning. (U.S food and drug admin., 1) The poisoning results from the ingestion of grayanotoxin contaminated honey. The other ways that it can get into your system is if you consume plant parts. Every part of the plant is poisonous, the flowers, nectar, honey, and especially the leaves, which contain more. In humans, symptoms of poisoning occur six hours after a dose. These symptoms include salivation, vomiting, very low blood pressure, loss of coordination, muscular weakness, slow and irregular heartbeat, and comas, followed by death in extreme cases. (U.S. FDA,2) All organisms such as animals and humans are affected in the same way. The treatments are to induce vomiting, or perform gastric lavage, replace fluids and maintain electrolyte balance, monitor heart beat, blood pressure and breathing. Even though the cases reported have been rare, people still should become aware of this toxin. House pets eat the plants, children do also, so they should be taught to stay away from these plants.

How, and how effectively, did Charles I raise new sources of revenue in the 1630s Essay Example

How, and how effectively, did Charles I raise new sources of revenue in the 1630s Essay Example How, and how effectively, did Charles I raise new sources of revenue in the 1630s Paper How, and how effectively, did Charles I raise new sources of revenue in the 1630s Paper but in the early years of Charles reign, there seems to have been no thought of actually inducing men to do so. However, by January 1630, a commission was appointed to call up and compound those who should have attended, although it has been argued that the idea for this fine had been suggested much earlier, due to a proclamation which had been made on the 30th January 1626 which summoned all those eligible to appear in London by 31st January; thus making it impossible for any to attend and be knighted. In response to these defaulters, Charles sent personal royal letters to noblemen who headed up the commission in their counties expressing his disappointment and thus urging them to greater effort, and instructed his attorney to proceed against sheriffs who were not collecting the fines strenuously enough. The crude manner in which Charles rigorously enforced distraint of Knighthoods can be seen as a major factor in the distancing of King from country; even Clarendon, a firm royalist labelled Knighthood fines as ill husbandry and most grievous8 due to the obvious manner in which it was exploited simply to bring in revenue. Although by April 1635, knighthood fines had brought in  £173,537; the largest single source of extraordinary revenue other than the loan and the sale of crown lands9, meaning that it was a success in terms of revenue collected, in terms of the damage done between Charles and his subjects, Knighthood fines can be seen as a step on the road to collapse; as Leonard argues, it increased discontent without providing the government with the means to ignore it, as the Scottish wars proved. 0 Forest Fines, which was enforced more rigorously during the 1630s than they had been by any King for over three hundred years, can be seen as another feudal law that caused great friction between Charles and the public . The law itself stated that the King may make a forest in all woods, and that this designated forest may not be changed without permission, which included hunting foxes, felling wood, pasturing cattle, building or in any way encroaching upon it. Gardiner and others have attributed the revival of this law to the Earl of Hollands attempts in 1634 to unseat Lord Treasurer Weston by exposing his abuse of royal woodland in the forest of Dean11, although Hammersley argues that there can be little doubt that the revival of these laws was financially motivated12; as the timber required for naval purposes was if such exacting specifications that only large tracts of woodland could supply the required quantities, large forest fines were thus seen as a method of simultaneously protecting resources needed for national defence and increasing crown income. Forest fines first began in the forest of Dean, which had in fact formerly been disbanded by the crown, which caused much dissent as the public had a unanimous detestation of enclosure, as they looked upon open woodland as a gift, like wild berries and had not come to respect it as a private property of some value13. Although the poor who found themselves trespassers were fined merely shillings, much larger fines were adjudged against aberrant gentry and aristocracy, some of whichs family had regarded the forest land in question as their own for centuries, and thus took great offence, which caused Clarendon to criticise forest fines in his memoirs because of the manner in which it lighted most upon persons of quality and honour, who thought themselves above ordinary oppressions and therefore like to remember it with more sharpness14. In 1634, upon hearing word that Gloucestershire lawyers were searching public records in the Tower of London for records of the borders of the forest of Dean, Sir John Finch, attorney general to the queen, emulated them and subsequently discovered an undated document of unknown origins which declared the set perambulations void. Finch caused scandal with his usage of this dubious document to challenge the set boundaries of Dean, which allowed Charles to enlarge the forest and thus collect more fines for encroachment, but which damaged the Kings political standing with the public, who once again saw his methods as crude and exploitative as they appeared to serve neither policy nor justice. Although Hammersley argues that as a method of raising revenue, the restoration of forest laws was moderately successful, Sharpe contradicts this by stating that the amount was not enough to compensate for indignation engendered15, and thus forest fines must be seen as only of limited success. Monopolies, which involved selling rights over certain goods to businessmen, can be seen as another example of a new source of revenue utilised by Charles during the 1630s which irritated the public due to the manner in which administrative government was exploited by private businesses. By 1640, the Long Parliament complained that monopolists were like the frogs which fell upon Egypt16, in that they were everywhere; a sentiment that was widespread throughout England. Although some of the projects and patents propounded during the Personal Rule were financially motivated, it is evident that others arose from genuine inventiveness or governmental desire to regulate a trade. 7 However, usually the reality of monopolies fell short of the promise, and the profits that were made at the expense of the public did not benefit the treasury, thus exacerbating the irritation such schemes caused; Wentworth described them as the very scandal of his Majestys affairs and the reproach of all his ministers18. Perhaps the most infamous scandal of Charles reign , and one that can be seen as an example of the problems with monopolies as a whole, was the soap patent. In January 1632 the rights over the production of soap was handed to the Westminster Soap Makers, and their competition was suppressed via a royal proclamation which banned the old soap which had been made with fish-oil. The King maintained that his reasons for endorsing the Westminster Soap Makers was to foster an English manufacture that would set the poor to work, although it was clear that some profit was envisaged as the new company promised  £4 per ton of soap that was sold. 9 However, the catholic soap, so called because the most prominent members of the company were all seen as cryptocatholics, failed to sell, despite a later proclamation which allowed the Westminster Soap Makers to use fish-oil in their soap-making in the same way as the old soap makers had been prohibited from. As no real profit materialised from this patent, Charles was seen as pursuing an inefficient and corrupt policy at the expense of the public who were having to pay inflated prices for soap, which l ed to a questioning of Charles right to give one company sole patent over products. Asch argues that monopolies and patents were not an effective source of revenue, as the onlcwy lasting effect that they had was to increase the Kings unpopularity by alienating vested interests without solving the crowns financial problems20. Thus it is evident that the soap patent, and indeed monopolies in general were not an effective source of revenue because, as with many of Charles other money-making schemes, the King showed himself to be politically inept at judging the worth of the income in relation to its cost on public mood. Overall it is evident that during the 1630s, Charles main means of raising new sources of revenue was via the revival and exploitation of obsolete laws, combined with the extensive application of existing laws. As Sharpe argues, instead of looking forward or across overseas to continental practice, Charles looked to the past for inspiration. However, this method of increasing income was highly politically costly, not least because the legality of many of these revived feudal fines was widely disputed, and without Parliament to settle the matter, debate could not be halted. A key example of this is ship money; despite the King winning his case against Hampton in a legal court, the public remained dissatisfied with this outcome. Although it is clear that these sources of revenue were effective in that they enabled Charles to raise enough income to sustain his rule until the outbreak of war with Scotland in 1638, they must also be recognised as one of the key reasons for the breakdown between King and country, as many of the fines were crudely implemented and left the impression that Charles was abusing his prerogative power, to the extent that even royalists such as Clarendon and Wentworth voiced criticism. Therefore, whilst Charles gained financially from these new sources of revenue, his political standing suffered hugely as a result, and thus it must be recognised that Caroline fiscal expedients were truly false mines for obtaining money21, because their political cost was so much higher than their financial value.

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